trailPierre Auger Observatory shower-maximum measurements indicate cosmic-ray composition becomes heavier above about 2×10^18 eV
The highest-energy cosmic rays include a substantial proton fraction.
The mean shower-maximum depth measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory increases more slowly with energy above about 2×10^18 eV than expected for constant composition
atomic
Shower-to-shower fluctuations of shower-maximum depth measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory decrease with energy above about 2×10^18 eV
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Telescope Array shower-maximum measurements are consistent with a predominantly protonic composition up to about 10^19 eV
atomic
assumed
Hadronic interaction models reliably predict the air-shower observables used to infer cosmic-ray composition
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Pierre Auger Observatory shower-maximum measurements indicate cosmic-ray composition becomes heavier above about 2×10^18 eV
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1depended on by
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