trailThe rapid growth in frontier AI training costs will continue through the 2030s
The compute cost of the most expensive AI training run will reach about $230 billion (one percent of 2021 US GDP) around 2040.
Trend persistence and technical feasibility· for
The cost of frontier AI training runs continued to grow at more than 2x per year through the mid-2020s
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AI training runs costing on the order of $100 billion will be financially and technically feasible by 2030
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Revenue from AI products will grow fast enough to justify current levels of AI infrastructure investment
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Scaling up training compute will remain the primary driver of frontier AI capability gains
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Financial unsustainability at scale· against
Growth of AI training spending at recent multi-fold annual rates is financially unsustainable through 2030
The most expensive AI training run in 2025 cost on the order of several hundred million dollars
AI infrastructure capital spending currently far exceeds the revenue generated by AI products
Major technology companies' capital expenditure on AI infrastructure continued to accelerate through 2025 and 2026
Growth in spending on the largest AI training runs will slow substantially during the 2020s.
The dollar cost of compute for final ML training runs grew about 0.5 orders of magnitude per year from 2009 to 2022.
AI training runs of around 2e29 FLOP will be feasible by 2030
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The rapid growth in frontier AI training costs will continue through the 2030s
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1depended on by
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