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The dollar cost of compute for final ML training runs grew about 0.5 orders of magnitude per year from 2009 to 2022.

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I estimate that the cost of compute in US dollars for the final training run of ML systems has grown by 0.49 orders of magnitude (OOM) per year (90% CI: 0.37 to 0.56)

https://epoch.ai/blog/trends-in-the-dollar-training-cost-of-machine-learning-systemsextraction 0.95

Using a dataset of 124 machine learning (ML) systems published between 2009 and 2022, I estimate that the cost of compute in US dollars for the final training run of ML systems has grown by 0.49 orders of magnitude (OOM) per year.

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Created by extractor · Aug 11, 2026. Every judgment on this page is accompanied by a reasoning trace.