Claims

Search the graph by meaning. Each result carries its current verdict; open one to see its decomposition, provenance, and the reasoning behind the assessment.

40 results

Umbrella category for diseases caused by atherosclerosis: coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease and stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Use for claims about ASCVD risk factors, risk prediction, events, and prevention. Does not cover heart failure, arrhythmia, or valvular disease unrelated to atherosclerosis.

Dietary cholesterol intake is not consistently associated with cardiovascular disease risk in the general population.

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Dietary cholesterol Nutritionimportance · notableImportance 0.60, from 0 to 1 · notable: a contested point in a live debate (also the default before judging). Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

High egg consumption is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk in a dose-response manner.

DoubtfulThe evidence weighs against the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Egg consumption Epidemiologyimportance · notableImportance 0.45, from 0 to 1 · notable: a contested point in a live debate (also the default before judging). Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Egg consumption shows cardiovascular disease risk associations at high intake but not at moderate intake around one egg per day.

DoubtfulThe evidence weighs against the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Egg consumption Nutritionimportance · minorImportance 0.40, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Regular egg consumption increases cardiovascular disease risk in healthy people

InconclusiveThe evidence and argument have been examined and do not come down on either side.constitution →causalA claim that one thing brings about another, not merely that the two go together.constitution →Egg consumption Dietary cholesterolimportance · notableImportance 0.55, from 0 to 1 · notable: a contested point in a live debate (also the default before judging). Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Prospective cohort studies find no significant association between egg intake and cardiovascular events in healthy adults

InconclusiveThe evidence and argument have been examined and do not come down on either side.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Egg consumption Nutritionimportance · notableImportance 0.45, from 0 to 1 · notable: a contested point in a live debate (also the default before judging). Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Positive egg–cardiovascular disease associations are concentrated among people with diabetes.

InconclusiveThe evidence and argument have been examined and do not come down on either side.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Egg consumption Diabetes mellitusimportance · minorImportance 0.40, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Chronic inflammation and insulin resistance are primary drivers of atherosclerosis independent of LDL

ContradictedThe evidence, examined directly, weighs against the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Inflammation in atherosclerosis Insulin resistance LDL cholesterolimportance · notableImportance 0.50, from 0 to 1 · notable: a contested point in a live debate (also the default before judging). Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Lowering IL-6 or hsCRP-measured systemic inflammation reduces cardiovascular events regardless of the anti-inflammatory agent used

DoubtfulThe evidence weighs against the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Inflammation in atherosclerosisimportance · notableImportance 0.55, from 0 to 1 · notable: a contested point in a live debate (also the default before judging). Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Large pooled cohort studies find a dose-response association between dietary cholesterol intake and cardiovascular disease or mortality.

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Dietary cholesterol Nutritionimportance · notableImportance 0.50, from 0 to 1 · notable: a contested point in a live debate (also the default before judging). Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Prospective cohort studies generally show no significant independent association between dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease.

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Dietary cholesterol Nutritionimportance · notableImportance 0.45, from 0 to 1 · notable: a contested point in a live debate (also the default before judging). Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Among people with diabetes, higher egg consumption is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk.

InconclusiveThe evidence and argument have been examined and do not come down on either side.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Egg consumption Diabetes mellitus Nutritionimportance · minorImportance 0.40, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

At least some anti-inflammatory therapies reduce cardiovascular events independently of lipid lowering

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Inflammation in atherosclerosis Cardiovascular medicineimportance · majorImportance 0.65, from 0 to 1 · major: real consequence within a domain, actively argued. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Non-statin LDL-lowering therapies reduce cardiovascular events proportionally to the LDL reduction achieved

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →LDL cholesterol Non-statin lipid-lowering therapyimportance · notableImportance 0.60, from 0 to 1 · notable: a contested point in a live debate (also the default before judging). Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

The cardiovascular risk associated with insulin resistance is largely mediated through atherogenic dyslipidemia and blood pressure

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Atherogenic dyslipidemia Insulin resistance Hypertensionimportance · minorImportance 0.40, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Insulin resistance is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Insulin resistanceimportance · notableImportance 0.45, from 0 to 1 · notable: a contested point in a live debate (also the default before judging). Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

The association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular events attenuates substantially after adjusting for lipids and blood pressure

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Insulin resistance Atherogenic dyslipidemia Hypertensionimportance · minorImportance 0.40, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Insulin resistance measured by surrogate indices predicts incident cardiovascular events after adjustment for conventional risk factors

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Insulin resistanceimportance · minorImportance 0.35, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

In the CANTOS trial, canakinumab reduced recurrent cardiovascular events without lowering LDL cholesterol

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Inflammation in atherosclerosis Canakinumab LDL cholesterolimportance · minorImportance 0.35, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Genetic variants that lower LDL cholesterol are associated with proportionally lower cardiovascular disease risk

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →LDL cholesterol Mendelian randomizationimportance · minorImportance 0.30, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Zhong et al. (2019) pooled analysis found each additional 300 mg/day dietary cholesterol associated with higher cardiovascular disease risk in dose-response fashion.

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Dietary cholesterol Nutrition Egg consumptionimportance · settledImportance 0.20, from 0 to 1 · settled: uncontested, so low even when much depends on it. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

The IL-6 inhibitor ziltivekimab did not reduce cardiovascular events in the ZEUS trial

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Ziltivekimab Inflammation in atherosclerosisimportance · minorImportance 0.30, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Elevated blood pressure mediates part of the association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular events

UnassessedNo current assessment. Attention goes where its expected value is highest and someone funds it; nothing has funded an assessment of this claim yet, and anyone can.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Insulin resistance Hypertensionimportance · minorImportance 0.30, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Atherogenic dyslipidemia mediates a large share of the association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular events

UnassessedNo current assessment. Attention goes where its expected value is highest and someone funds it; nothing has funded an assessment of this claim yet, and anyone can.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Atherogenic dyslipidemia Insulin resistanceimportance · minorImportance 0.35, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Mendelian randomization studies show genetically lower LDL cholesterol causally reduces cardiovascular disease risk

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →LDL cholesterol Mendelian randomizationimportance · minorImportance 0.40, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

MR sensitivity analyses find no evidence of directional pleiotropy in the genetic LDL–cardiovascular disease relationship

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Mendelian randomization LDL cholesterolimportance · minorImportance 0.30, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Multivariable Mendelian randomization adjusting for HDL and triglycerides shows LDL retains an independent causal effect on cardiovascular risk

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Mendelian randomization LDL cholesterolimportance · minorImportance 0.32, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Mendelian randomization estimates roughly threefold greater cardiovascular risk reduction per mmol/L lower LDL than statin randomized trials

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Mendelian randomization LDL cholesterol Statin therapyimportance · minorImportance 0.35, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Mendelian randomization and statin-trial estimates of LDL's cardiovascular effect are mutually consistent once duration of exposure is accounted for

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Mendelian randomization LDL cholesterol Statin therapyimportance · minorImportance 0.35, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Randomized trials show PCSK9 inhibitors added to statin therapy reduce major cardiovascular events

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →PCSK9 inhibitors Statin therapyimportance · minorImportance 0.35, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

The association between egg consumption and cardiovascular disease risk varies significantly by geographic region.

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Egg consumption Geographic heterogeneity in diet-disease associations Epidemiologyimportance · minorImportance 0.35, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Genetic instruments for LDL cholesterol affect cardiovascular risk only through LDL and not through confounding pleiotropy

SupportedThe evidence favors the claim, but the examination is incomplete or the evidence is indirect.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Mendelian randomization LDL cholesterolimportance · minorImportance 0.40, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

PCSK9 inhibitors reduce cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →PCSK9 inhibitors Statin therapyimportance · minorImportance 0.40, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Some interventions that lower LDL cholesterol failed to reduce cardiovascular events

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Cardiovascular medicine LDL cholesterolimportance · minorImportance 0.40, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Statin randomized trials reduce major vascular events by about a fifth per 1 mmol/L reduction in LDL cholesterol

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Statin therapy LDL cholesterolimportance · minorImportance 0.40, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Randomized trials show lowering LDL cholesterol reduces cardiovascular events proportionally to the reduction achieved

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →LDL cholesterolimportance · notableImportance 0.55, from 0 to 1 · notable: a contested point in a live debate (also the default before judging). Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Elevated LDL cholesterol causes cardiovascular disease

VerifiedThe evidence, examined directly, establishes the claim.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →LDL cholesterol Cardiovascular medicineimportance · majorImportance 0.80, from 0 to 1 · major: real consequence within a domain, actively argued. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Pioglitazone reduces the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events

UnassessedNo current assessment. Attention goes where its expected value is highest and someone funds it; nothing has funded an assessment of this claim yet, and anyone can.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Pioglitazoneimportance · minorImportance 0.35, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

Inflammation plays a causal role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

UnassessedNo current assessment. Attention goes where its expected value is highest and someone funds it; nothing has funded an assessment of this claim yet, and anyone can.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Inflammation in atherosclerosisimportance · minorImportance 0.40, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

In the CLEAR SYNERGY trial, colchicine did not reduce cardiovascular events after myocardial infarction

UnassessedNo current assessment. Attention goes where its expected value is highest and someone funds it; nothing has funded an assessment of this claim yet, and anyone can.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →CLEAR SYNERGY trial Colchicine Inflammation in atherosclerosisimportance · minorImportance 0.30, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

In the LoDoCo2 trial, low-dose colchicine reduced cardiovascular events in chronic coronary disease

UnassessedNo current assessment. Attention goes where its expected value is highest and someone funds it; nothing has funded an assessment of this claim yet, and anyone can.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Colchicine LoDoCo2 trial Inflammation in atherosclerosisimportance · minorImportance 0.25, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

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