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The Golod–Shafarevich theorem (1964): a finite pro-p group on d generators requires more than d²/4 defining relations; equivalently, a finitely presented pro-p group with at most d²/4 relations is infinite. Claims about the inequality, its refinements (e.g. Ershov–Jaikin), Golod–Shafarevich groups, and applications such as infinite class field towers belong here.
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