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The elemental/mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (roughly above 10^17-10^18 eV): proton vs. heavier-nuclei fractions, composition inferences from Xmax and muon content by experiments such as Auger and Telescope Array, and the light-vs-heavy composition debate above the ankle. Claims about composition at lower energies (PeV knee region) or about sources and propagation do not belong

The highest-energy cosmic rays include a substantial proton fraction.

ContestedCredible evidence or argument exists on multiple sides.constitution →empirical · derivedA factual claim that rests on inference from other evidence rather than direct observation.constitution →Cosmic raysimportance · minorImportance 0.35, from 0 to 1 · minor: narrow or largely settled, cheap to get right. Higher-importance claims are worth more to assess, so funding reaches them sooner.constitution →

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