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Systematic review and meta-analysis of quotation inaccuracy in medicine

Christopher Baethge, Hannah JergasResearch Integrity and Peer ReviewPublished Jul 23, 2025doi 10.1186/s41073-025-00173-zOriginal︎ ↗Archived copy

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Systematic review and meta-analysis of quotation inaccuracy in medicine2 passages
2 Deutsches Ärzteblatt & Deutsches Arzteblatt International, Editorial Offices, Cologne, Germany0 passages
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3 Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany0 passages
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2 Deutsches Ärzteblatt & Deutsches Arzteblatt International, Editorial Offices, Cologne, Germany0 passages
3 Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany4 passages
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PMCID: PMC12285159 PMID: 406964410 passages
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16.9% (95% CI: 14.1%-20.0%) of quotations were incorrect, with approximately half classified as major errors (8.0% [95% CI: 6.4%-10.0%]). Heterogeneity was high, and Egger’s test for small study effects remained negative throughout. Meta-regression showed no significant improvement in quotation accuracy over recent years (slope: -0.002 [95% CI: -0.03 to 0.02], p  = 0.85). Neither risk of bias, nor the number of references were statistically significantly associated with total error rate, but journal impact factor was: Spearman’s ρ = –0.253 ( p  = 0.043, binomial test, N  = 25).

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Keywords: Quotation inaccuracy, Citation errors, Secondary quotations, Quotation errors, Medical publishing0 passages
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Record

Kind
journal article
Authors
Christopher Baethge, Hannah Jergas
Publisher
Research Integrity and Peer Review
Published
Jul 23, 2025
DOI
10.1186/s41073-025-00173-z
Link
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12285159/
Archived copy
https://web.archive.org/web/20261004153316/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12285159/
Stored text
48,338 characters, retrieved Nov 11, 2026 · 152 sections, 183 passages
Claims extracted
Not recorded
Versions
One known
Copies
None recorded
Corrections
None recorded
Facts checked
Nov 11, 2026

History 4

  1. Nov 11, 2026DividedSegmenter · Divided into 335 parts by its own structure
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  4. Nov 4, 2026Correction watchCorrection watcher · Watched by DOI; no notice found